✅ Diabetes Mellitus – 100 MCQs (Part 3) with Answers

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 अब मैं Diabetes Mellitus – MCQ Part 3 (100 नए प्रश्न + उत्तर) दे रहा हूँ।

ये पूरी तरह नए, high-quality, UPSC/SSC/State PCS/Nursing/Medical Entrance oriented MCQs हैं।

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✅ Diabetes Mellitus – 100 MCQs (Part 3) with Answers

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⭐ MCQ Set (1–25)

1. Insulin primarily lowers blood glucose by—
   Ans: Increasing glucose uptake by muscles

2. Which transporter is insulin-dependent?
   Ans: GLUT-4

3. Which GLUT transporter is found in the brain?
   Ans: GLUT-1 & GLUT-3

4. Beta-cells respond most strongly to—
   Ans: Glucose

5. First-phase insulin release किसमें absent होता है?
   Ans: Type 2 DM

6. Type 1 DM में beta-cell destruction किस mechanism से?
   Ans: Autoimmune (T-cell mediated)

7. Which gene most associated with Type 1 DM?
   Ans: HLA-DR3/DR4

8. Type 2 DM से सबसे बड़ा risk linked है—
   Ans: Central obesity

9. Which ethnicity has highest diabetes risk?
   Ans: South Asians

10. Glucagon primarily acts on—
    Ans: Liver

11. Hyperglycemia chronic होने पर सबसे पहले कौन-सा damage होता है?
    Ans: Capillary basement membrane thickening

12. Sorbitol accumulation सबसे ज्यादा किस organ को damage करता है?
    Ans: Lens

13. Glycation products (AGEs) किस complication से linked?
    Ans: Retinopathy

14. OGTT में कितनी glucose दी जाती है?
    Ans: 75 g

15. Diabetes diagnosis में random glucose range?
    Ans: ≥200 mg/dL + classic symptoms

16. Prediabetes A1c range?
    Ans: 5.7–6.4%

17. Which drug increases insulin secretion?
    Ans: Sulfonylureas

18. Which drug increases insulin sensitivity?
    Ans: Metformin

19. Insulin resistance किस organ में सबसे ज्यादा?
    Ans: Muscle

20. In obesity, which adipokine decreases?
    Ans: Adiponectin

21. Which vitamin deficiency increases insulin resistance?
    Ans: Vitamin D

22. SGLT2 inhibitors glucose कहाँ से बाहर निकालते हैं?
    Ans: Urine (kidney)

23. SGLT2 inhibitors किस segment में act करते हैं?
    Ans: Proximal tubule

24. GLP-1 agonist का most common side effect?
    Ans: Nausea

25. GLP-1 agonists का major benefit?
    Ans: Weight loss

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⭐ MCQ Set (26–50)

26. Basal insulin किस समय दिया जाता है?
    Ans: Night

27. Mealtime insulin injection timing?
    Ans: 15 minutes before meal

28. Hypoglycemia में initial hormone response?
    Ans: Glucagon

29. Severe hypoglycemia least likely symptom?
    Ans: Fever

30. DKA trigger most common?
    Ans: Infection

31. DKA में serum potassium?
    Ans: High initially

32. DKA में treatment sequence?
    Ans: Fluids → Insulin → Potassium

33. HHS में most severe problem?
    Ans: Dehydration

34. HHS में ketone bodies क्यों absent?
    Ans: Some insulin present

35. “Sweet fruity breath” किसमें?
    Ans: DKA

36. Skin changes in diabetes include—
    Ans: Acanthosis nigricans

37. Charcot foot result of—
    Ans: Neuropathy

38. Diabetic neuropathy में सबसे common nerve symptom?
    Ans: Numbness

39. Autonomic neuropathy symptom?
    Ans: Gastroparesis

40. Erectile dysfunction किस neuropathy से?
    Ans: Autonomic

41. Early nephropathy indicator?
    Ans: Microalbuminuria

42. Gold test for nephropathy severity?
    Ans: 24-hour protein

43. Diabetic retinopathy में earliest lesion?
    Ans: Microaneurysm

44. Hard exudates किससे बनते हैं?
    Ans: Lipid leakage

45. Cotton wool spots किस injury का परिणाम?
    Ans: Nerve fiber layer infarct

46. Proliferative retinopathy hallmark?
    Ans: Neovascularization

47. Most effective treatment for proliferative DR?
    Ans: Laser photocoagulation

48. Diabetic foot ulcer main cause?
    Ans: Neuropathy + ischemia

49. Screening for retinopathy (Type 2 DM)?
    Ans: At diagnosis

50. Screening for retinopathy (Type 1 DM)?
    Ans: After 5 years

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⭐ MCQ Set (51–75)

51. Metformin को contraindication?
    Ans: Renal failure

52. Metformin rare but serious adverse effect?
    Ans: Lactic acidosis

53. Sulfonylureas avoid in—
    Ans: Elderly with hypoglycemia risk

54. Pioglitazone major side effect?
    Ans: Edema & weight gain

55. Pioglitazone किस receptor पर act करता है?
    Ans: PPAR-γ

56. Thiazolidinediones effect?
    Ans: Increase insulin sensitivity

57. DPP-4 inhibitors effect?
    Ans: Increase incretin levels

58. DPP-4 inhibitors common side effect?
    Ans: Nasopharyngitis

59. Rapid acting insulin onset?
    Ans: 5–15 minutes

60. NPH duration?
    Ans: 12–18 hours

61. Long-acting insulin duration?
    Ans: 24 hours

62. Insulin सबसे fast absorb कहाँ से?
    Ans: Abdomen

63. Insulin सबसे slow absorb कहाँ से?
    Ans: Thigh or buttocks

64. Lipohypertrophy prevention?
    Ans: Site rotation

65. Beta-cell function best measured by—
    Ans: C-peptide

66. MODY inheritance?
    Ans: Autosomal dominant

67. Most common MODY type?
    Ans: MODY-3

68. Gestational diabetes best treatment?
    Ans: Insulin

69. Macrosomia किसका complication?
    Ans: GDM

70. GDM में newborn problem?
    Ans: Neonatal hypoglycemia

71. Which organ regulates glucose during fasting?
    Ans: Liver

72. Gluconeogenesis main substrate?
    Ans: Alanine

73. Lipid abnormality in diabetes?
    Ans: High triglycerides

74. Hypertension + diabetes में first-line drug?
    Ans: ACE inhibitor

75. Diabetes में सबसे common macrovascular disease?
    Ans: Coronary artery disease

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⭐ MCQ Set (76–100)

76. Diabetes में MI का symptom atypical क्यों होता है?
    Ans: Neuropathy

77. Stroke risk in diabetics?
    Ans: High

78. Peripheral artery disease sign?
    Ans: Intermittent claudication

79. Diabetes severity best measured by—
    Ans: HbA1c

80. HbA1c कितने महीनों का control दिखाता है?
    Ans: 3 months

81. Normal fasting insulin level?
    Ans: 2–20 µIU/mL

82. Insulin increases—
    Ans: Glycogenesis

83. Insulin decreases—
    Ans: Lipolysis

84. Glucagon increases—
    Ans: Glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis

85. Which hormone opposes insulin the most?
    Ans: Glucagon

86. Exercise effect on insulin?
    Ans: Increases sensitivity

87. Most diabetes cases worldwide—
    Ans: Type 2

88. Insulin therapy earliest discovery year?
    Ans: 1921

89. Insulin was first extracted from—
    Ans: Dog pancreas

90. HbA1c unreliable in—
    Ans: Hemolytic anemia

91. Fructosamine test duration?
    Ans: 2–3 weeks

92. Which diet improves insulin sensitivity?
    Ans: High fiber, low carbohydrate

93. Which physical activity best for diabetics?
    Ans: Brisk walking

94. Diabetic patient daily steps?
    Ans: 8,000–10,000 steps

95. Most common cause of blindness in adults?
    Ans: Diabetic retinopathy

96. First-line therapy for overweight diabetic?
    Ans: Metformin

97. Best prevention for Type 2 DM?
    Ans: Weight loss

98. Severe hyperglycemia emergency?
    Ans: HHS

99. Normal random glucose level?
    Ans: <140 mg/dL

100. Diabetes का global definition किसने दी?
     Ans: WHO

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